Elizabeth Beam，医学博士，哲学博士（如图）
和医学博士 Jacob Ballon
斯坦福大学精神病学与行为科学系

精神分裂症药物发现的十年：TAAR1 和毒蕈碱激动剂

Just over a decade ago, several major pharmaceutical companies decided to abandon research and development in schizophrenia medications. The move was disheartening to patients and researchers alike who had repeatedly heard promises of controlling more symptoms with fewer side effects. So why did big pharma make its departure? The data had come in from a massive trial comparing “typical” antipsychotics, discovered serendipitously in the 1950s, to “atypical” ones released in the 1990s after years of benchwork and trials. Little to no improvement with the “atypicals” could be confirmed. The investment in drugs for schizophrenia had been costly and did not pay off—that is, not yet.

In retrospect, it’s not too surprising the first two classes of antipsychotics had similar efficacy. They both worked by blocking dopamine receptors. Pharmaceutical companies seemed to have run with dopamine as their target for schizophrenia the same way they ran with serotonin for depression and acetylcholine for Alzheimer’s disease. Each chase for the cure was stalling. Just because a drug reduced symptoms did not mean it treated the underlying pathophysiology of disease. Imagine symptoms were a fire in the brain—a drug acting like water could douse the flames, but it wouldn’t cool the hot air or stop the initial spark from reigniting.

However, the past decade has generated several promising directions for treating schizophrenia by turning to a fresh set of drug targets. Two new classes have no direct dopamine activity at all, acting instead on trace amine and muscarinic receptors. In early trials, the drugs have shown potential to address a broader range of symptoms, including the negative and cognitive symptoms that have eluded dopamine receptor blocking agents for decades.

微量胺受体 1 (TAAR1) 激动剂。 In early 2020, amid the pandemic headlines, news broke of a new pharmacologic approach to treat schizophrenia. TAAR1 agonists had been singled out in a search for non-dopamine blocking drugs that reduced schizophrenia symptoms in animal models. In mice, TAAR1 agonists have also shown that they may help better regulate blood glucose levels—possibly avoiding one of the major side effects of the atypical antipsychotics.

Ulotaront is a TAAR1 agonist thought to work by preventing neurons from firing in the ventral tegmental area, which serves as a starting point for dopamine along the pathway implicated in schizophrenia. While the mechanism of this new drug remains somewhat mysterious, the idea behind it is something like putting out the spark that ignites symptoms. In addition to its trace amine activity, ulotaront acts as an agonist at the 5-HT1A receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin.

When analyzing initial results of a randomized controlled clinical trial in patients, researchers found that ulotaront had outperformed placebo in reducing the total PANSS score, a global measure of schizophrenia symptoms. The drug also reduced the difficult-to-treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia (a preliminary result that was not adjusted statistically for the number of tests they ran, limiting our ability draw firm conclusions). Unfortunately, as research progressed, two phase III trials of ulotaront both conceded that patients treated with ulotaront did not respond significantly better on the PANSS compared to patients taking placebo pills. Investigators suspect that this finding may be related to the high placebo response rates in these studies.

Another TAAR1 agent, a partial-agonist called ralmitaront, is also in development, but it is at an earlier stage in the process. Two phase II trials of ralmitaront studying its efficacy in treating positive and negative symptoms, respectively, were both ended early as the medication did not significantly reduce symptoms relative to placebo. It is an open question whether pharmaceutical companies will continue developing TAAR1 agents or take these mixed results as an indication to desist.

毒蕈碱 (M1/M4) 激动剂。 If you’ve ever taken diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and felt foggy afterward, you’ve discovered for yourself that blocking acetylcholine in the brain can have adverse cognitive effects. On the flip side, could drugs that stimulate acetylcholine receptors improve memory? This is the idea behind using agonists of muscarinic receptors, which mediate cholinergic activity to treat the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Because muscarinic agonists can have unwanted side effects outside the brain (muscarinic receptors are located throughout the body and act on most organ systems), one strategy has been to pair the muscarinic agonist xanomeline (which acts throughout the body and brain) with the muscarinic antagonist trospium, which does not act in the brain because it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. By laying a trospium tarp from the neck down, the combination also helps ensure more xanomeline flows into the brain. The balance between the two remains a work in progress—common side effects include a mix of those related to increased cholinergic activity (nausea and vomiting) and those related to anticholinergic effects (constipation, dry mouth, blurry vision, and memory loss). Another drug in the pipeline, emraclidine, acts predominantly at only one of the 5 muscarinic receptors (M4) to help minimize the risk of the full-body side effects while still improving psychotic symptoms.

Up-to-date information on ongoing trials for TAAR1 and muscarinic drugs can be obtained by searching the clinicaltrials.gov site managed by the National Institutes of Health. It will be important to remain cautious in our optimism, remembering how the early excitement for atypical antipsychotics in the 1990s was tempered by less exuberant results of a larger trial that compared the drugs directly. For now, it is worth celebrating the shift in momentum toward innovative new mechanisms of action and drug discovery advances for schizophrenia.

参考

Abbott, A. (2010). Schizophrenia: The drug deadlock. 自然 468, 158-159.

Brannan, S. K., Sawchak, S., Miller, A. C., Lieberman, J. A., Paul, S. M., & Breier, A. (2021). Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist and peripheral antagonist for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 384, 717-726.

Goodwin, Kate. (2023). Roche terminates second phase II trial. BioSpace.

Koblan, K. S., Kent, J., Hopkins, S. C., Krystal, J. H., Cheng, H., Goldman, R., & Loebel, A. (2020). A Non-D2-receptor-binding drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1497-1506.

Lieberman, J. A., Stroub, T. S., McEvoy, J. P., Swartz, M. S., Rosenheck, R. A., Perkins, D. O., Keefe, R. S. E., Davis, S. M., Davis, C. E., Lebowitz, B. D., Severe, J., Hsiao, J. K., & the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. (2005). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(12), 1209-1223.

Pahwa, M., Sleem, A., Elsayed, O. H., Good, M. E., & El-Mallakh, R. S. (2021). New antipsychotic medications in the last decade. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23,1-35.

Sumitomo Pharma Co. & Otsuko Pharma Co. (2023). Sumitomo Pharma and Otsuka announce topline results from phase 3 DIAMOND 1 and DIAMOND 2 clinical studies evaluating ulotaront in schizophrenia. Sumitomo Pharma News Room.